# Unicode Injection
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## Introduction
Depending on how the back-end/front-end is behaving when it **receives weird unicode characters** an attacker might be able to **bypass protections and inject arbitrary characters** that could be used to **abused injection vulnerabilities** such as XSS or SQLi.
## Unicode Normalization
Unicode normalization occurs when **unicode characters are normalized to ascii characters**.
One common scenario of this type of vulnerability occurs when the system is **modifying** somehow the **input** of the user **after having checked it**. For example, in some languages a simple call to make the **input uppercase or lowercase** could normalize the given input and the **unicode will be transformed into ASCII** generating new characters.\
For more info check:
{% content-ref url="/pages/IdIZ0X9yKKwm1kIjY5k0" %}
[Unicode Normalization](/dashboard/pentesting-web/unicode-injection/unicode-normalization.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
## `\u` to `%`
Unicode characters are usually represented with the **`\u` prefix**. For example the char `㱋` is `\u3c4b`([check it here](https://unicode-explorer.com/c/3c4B)). If a backend **transforms** the prefix **`\u` in `%`**, the resulting string will be `%3c4b`, which URL decoded is: **`<4b`**. And, as you can see, a **`<` char is injected**.\
You could use this technique to **inject any kind of char** if the backend is vulnerable.\
Check to find the chars you need.
This vuln actually comes from a vulnerability a researcher found, for a more in depth explanation check
## Emoji Injection
Back-ends something behaves weirdly when they **receives emojis**. That's what happened in [**this writeup**](https://medium.com/@fpatrik/how-i-found-an-xss-vulnerability-via-using-emojis-7ad72de49209) where the researcher managed to achieve a XSS with a payload such as: `💋img src=x onerror=alert(document.domain)//💛`
In this case, the error was that the server after removing the malicious characters **converted the UTF-8 string from Windows-1252 to UTF-8** (basically the input encoding and the convert from encoding mismatched). Then this does not give a proper < just a weird unicode one: `‹`\
\`\`So they took this output and **converted again now from UTF-8 ot ASCII**. This **normalized** the `‹` to `<` this is how the exploit could work on that system.\
This is what happened:
```php
*
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---
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