> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://breached.gitbook.io/dashboard/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://breached.gitbook.io/dashboard/crypto-and-stego/padding-oracle-priv.md). # Padding Oracle
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## CBC - Cipher Block Chaining In CBC mode the **previous encrypted block is used as IV** to XOR with the next block: ![CBC encryption](https://defuse.ca/images/cbc_encryption.png) To decrypt CBC the **opposite** **operations** are done: ![CBC decryption](https://defuse.ca/images/cbc_decryption.png) Notice how it's needed to use an **encryption** **key** and an **IV**. ## Message Padding As the encryption is performed in **fixed** **size** **blocks**, **padding** is usually needed in the **last** **block** to complete its length.\ Usually **PKCS7** is used, which generates a padding **repeating** the **number** of **bytes** **needed** to **complete** the block. For example, if the last block is missing 3 bytes, the padding will be `\x03\x03\x03`. Let's look at more examples with a **2 blocks of length 8bytes**: | byte #0 | byte #1 | byte #2 | byte #3 | byte #4 | byte #5 | byte #6 | byte #7 | byte #0 | byte #1 | byte #2 | byte #3 | byte #4 | byte #5 | byte #6 | byte #7 | | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | | P | A | S | S | W | O | R | D | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | **0x02** | **0x02** | | P | A | S | S | W | O | R | D | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | **0x03** | **0x03** | **0x03** | | P | A | S | S | W | O | R | D | 1 | 2 | 3 | **0x05** | **0x05** | **0x05** | **0x05** | **0x05** | | P | A | S | S | W | O | R | D | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | **0x08** | Note how in the last example the **last block was full so another one was generated only with padding**. ## Padding Oracle When an application decrypts encrypted data, it will first decrypt the data; then it will remove the padding. During the cleanup of the padding, if an **invalid padding triggers a detectable behaviour**, you have a **padding oracle vulnerability**. The detectable behaviour can be an **error**, a **lack of results**, or a **slower response**. If you detect this behaviour, you can **decrypt the encrypted data** and even **encrypt any cleartext**. ### How to exploit You could use to exploit this kind of vulnerability or just do ``` sudo apt-get install padbuster ``` In order to test if the cookie of a site is vulnerable you could try: ```bash perl ./padBuster.pl http://10.10.10.10/index.php "RVJDQrwUdTRWJUVUeBKkEA==" 8 -encoding 0 -cookies "login=RVJDQrwUdTRWJUVUeBKkEA==" ``` **Encoding 0** means that **base64** is used (but others are available, check the help menu). You could also **abuse this vulnerability to encrypt new data. For example, imagine that the content of the cookie is "*****user=MyUsername*****", then you may change it to "\_user=administrator\_" and escalate privileges inside the application. You could also do it using `paduster`specifying the -plaintext** parameter: ```bash perl ./padBuster.pl http://10.10.10.10/index.php "RVJDQrwUdTRWJUVUeBKkEA==" 8 -encoding 0 -cookies "login=RVJDQrwUdTRWJUVUeBKkEA==" -plaintext "user=administrator" ``` If the site is vulnerable `padbuster`will automatically try to find when the padding error occurs, but you can also indicating the error message it using the **-error** parameter. ```bash perl ./padBuster.pl http://10.10.10.10/index.php "" 8 -encoding 0 -cookies "hcon=RVJDQrwUdTRWJUVUeBKkEA==" -error "Invalid padding" ``` ### The theory In **summary**, you can start decrypting the encrypted data by guessing the correct values that can be used to create all the **different paddings**. Then, the padding oracle attack will start decrypting bytes from the end to the start by guessing which will be the correct value that **creates a padding of 1, 2, 3, etc**. ![](https://github.com/nirugima/hacktricks/blob/main/.gitbook/assets/image%20\(629\)%20\(1\)%20\(1\).png) Imagine you have some encrypted text that occupies **2 blocks** formed by the bytes from **E0 to E15**.\ In order to **decrypt** the **last** **block** (**E8** to **E15**), the whole block passes through the "block cipher decryption" generating the **intermediary bytes I0 to I15**.\ Finally, each intermediary byte is **XORed** with the previous encrypted bytes (E0 to E7). So: * `C15 = D(E15) ^ E7 = I15 ^ E7` * `C14 = I14 ^ E6` * `C13 = I13 ^ E5` * `C12 = I12 ^ E4` * ... Now, It's possible to **modify `E7` until `C15` is `0x01`**, which will also be a correct padding. So, in this case: `\x01 = I15 ^ E'7` So, finding E'7, it's **possible to calculate I15**: `I15 = 0x01 ^ E'7` Which allow us to **calculate C15**: `C15 = E7 ^ I15 = E7 ^ \x01 ^ E'7` Knowing **C15**, now it's possible to **calculate C14**, but this time brute-forcing the padding `\x02\x02`. This BF is as complex as the previous one as it's possible to calculate the the `E''15` whose value is 0x02: `E''7 = \x02 ^ I15` so it's just needed to find the **`E'14`** that generates a **`C14` equals to `0x02`**.\ Then, do the same steps to decrypt C14: **`C14 = E6 ^ I14 = E6 ^ \x02 ^ E''6`** **Follow this chain until you decrypt the whole encrypted text.** ### Detection of the vulnerability Register and account and log in with this account .\ If you **log in many times** and always get the **same cookie**, there is probably **something** **wrong** in the application. The **cookie sent back should be unique** each time you log in. If the cookie is **always** the **same**, it will probably always be valid and there **won't be anyway to invalidate i**t. Now, if you try to **modify** the **cookie**, you can see that you get an **error** from the application.\ But if you BF the padding (using padbuster for example) you manage to get another cookie valid for a different user. This scenario is highly probably vulnerable to padbuster. ## References *
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